Some women shaved their heads but not as many as the men. I studied the Science of Style in London, Hong Kong, and Bangkok and have created over 5000 videos/ articles to help men dress better. He has never dated a white woman before and seems very nervous around me. The cholitas in Bolivia took the name, and their iconic Indigenous style, and wore both with pride. This is for women who want new, fresh hair, especially if they've frazzled their hair after years of intense dying and heat treatments. As a form of religious obligation, the symbolic representations of the first-ever shave of a baby's hair or little children are a rite of passage. We lived through the tyranny of Corts, the Spanish crown, Santa Anna, the Porfiriato, PRI, Caldern, Carlos Slim and the popularity of MASECAand we make it. People might take this far and others will think different of you and consider you as a joke. Cholos are aware that their style will not grant them social mobility and often maintain their style after having been rejected by multiple institutions, including "family, schools, police, and the labor market." Web You are wondering about the question why do cholos wear hair nets but currently there is no answer. Since then - a shaved head has become a symbol of aggression and toughness. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands; it means dog, not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation". If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. East Los Angeles, El Pasos Segundo Barrio, the Southwest, and San Franciscos Mission District. Don't go around asking people what gang they represent. DEAR MEXICAN: An Anglo public servant would be embarrassed to death (or at least should be) if he posted a public sign with bad English grammar or spelling. [5][6] Cholo was first reclaimed by Chicano youth in the 1960s and emerged as a popular identification in the late 1970s. When you're shouting out to your homies, say "q vole carnal", "orale vato", "simon ese", "what up homes", "this is firme homie", and "simon que si". To appear unshaven became a mark of low social status. Certainly you can use a dryer andor styling products to temporarily. Also Janeoo ( sacred thread is also worn by the kid. . A third study featured 552 members of an online panel, who read a short description of a rather generic man: "John is a white, non-Hispanic male. "[11] However, it is also cultural, with "Mexicans making fun of a Chicano's inability to speak 'proper' Spanish and conversely" Chicanos and cholos sometimes using interethnic pejoratives against Mexican migrants, such as "chuntaro" and "wetback."[11]. You Might Be Able To See the Northern Lights Tonight in Missouri, Alleged Cult that Bought Nelly's House Eyes 284-Acre Boeing Campus. A plaid shirt with only the top buttoned. Retna's work is inspired by Cholo letters. and our What is the meaning of business ecosystem? 5 Felix Gutierrez 9 mo It's so if they have to make a killing they could and not leave DNA most common hair at the crime scene it also to represent a fellow chicano gang member from back then that had cancer More answers below Daniela Arroyo Gonzlez is the First Out Trans, Karol G Breaks Spotify Record with New Album, Huesera: The Bone Woman Shows the Complicated Pain, Not Dead Yet Becomes Most-Watched Comedy Debut at, NFL Spotlights Mexican Flag Football Star Diana Flores, 10 of the Most Romantic Latin Love Songs, 10 Afro-Latina Owned Brands You Need to Know, 10 Valentines Day Nail Art Designs by Latina, My Journey as a Latina Learning to Accept, Im Afro-Boricua And Didnt Know I Had Naturally, Caring For Your Hair Can Transform Your Life;, On Feeling Both Black Enough and Puerto Rican, Latina Therapist Breaks Down How Latinxs Can Talk, 17 Books to Understand the Black History of, 16 Empowering Books by Afro-Latina Authors for Black, The Power of Being an Unapologetically Proud Afro-Latina, Seora Era: 10 Latinx-Owned Items to Add To, 16 Iconic Latina TV Characters to Dress Up, 10 Latina-Owned Tees that Celebrate Our Cultura, Vibemade is Making Crystal Healing Accessible Through Jewelry, Digame: Jen Zeano of JZD Talks Jefa Life,, First Gen Guide to Managing Family Finances For, 10 Galentines Day Gifts From Latina-Owned Brands, 10 Latinx-Owned Wines to Enjoy with Your Valentines, Latina Wealth Building: Breaking Down Your 2023 Financial, 10 Latina-Owned Items to Help You With Your, 9 of the Spiciest Peppers Found Throughout Latin, Afro-Latina Doulas are Fighting for Birth Justice Amid, How Adrienne Houghton Sharing Her Infertility Journey Empowers, Veronica Garza of Siete is Making Mexican American, 10 Christmas Gifts for Kids From Latinx-Owned Brands, Navigating Feelings of Isolation as a First-Generation Latina, A post shared by Cayita (@cayita_emotion), On Feeling Both Black Enough and Puerto Rican Enough, Daniela Arroyo Gonzlez is the First Out Trans Woman in Miss Universe Puerto Rico. [2] A "cholo" in Bolivia is a campesino who moved to the city, and though the term was originally derogatory, has become more of a symbol of indigenous power. Popular cholo brands include Dickies, Ben Davis, Joker, Lowrider, and Bighouse. Its either a worker pulling something off the Internet, a pocho who doesnt know any better, or . They dunk themselves and their entire body must be 100% submerged in the water. What is the target audience for the Independent newspaper? Instead, they focus more on the path of enlightenment. ? (1). The men were consistently viewed as less attractive when their heads were shaved. Cookie Notice It's also practical, especially in hot weather. They do not have any medical conditions (such as ulcers or vein issues) on their legs, so knee-high socks are the best choice. Want to start dressing sharp today? The term La Raza derives from a 1948 book #LaRazaCsmica. The author #JoseVasconcelos thesis is that Mexicans (who he defines as a combination of indigenous and European bloodlines) are a new superior race. If you grew up in cali you know about CHOLOS and this is what they use and wear. Why do Cholos wear hair nets. Man, Ma Joad had nothing on us Mexiswere the cabrones that live (and, if you read the full quote, youll know she was advocating Reconquista). It would tell you your legal protections, reflect your wealth, inform you of what taxes you were to pay, and how you were to be treated in society. If you don't know anything, don't say anything. If you're wondering whether to shave your head - you'll want to hear what he has to . Conscious of the few opportunities to find legitimate career paths, Latino youth adopted appearances they knew would block them from the low-level service positions they were expected to fill. There could be a concern that if their hair is long it will not be fully submerged during the dunk. Dia de la Raza is celebrated on Columbus Day (October 12) as the day the Mexican indigenous population started their resistance against the European invasion. The word "cholo" was used to describe someone who had one Indigenous and one mestizo parent. Mexican Hairless Dog, Xoloitzcuintli, Xolo. To create this article, 126 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. For South Americans cholo is much less ambiguous, originating first as a concept describing a person of at least 75% Native heritage, the term has come to mean a person predominantly or completely of Native American descent. As previously mentioned, Bolivia is one of the countries where cholo is used to describe those with Indigenous blood. I was once a middle class white guy, now I am finally happy. In the Spanish and Mexican casta/caste systems, cholos were deemed those who had one Spanish and one mestizo parent. Wanna fight or what?". [1] A veterano or veterana is an older member of the same subculture. Cholos have their own style of dress and speech. ", "It's really helped me connect with my cholo neighbors. Cholos use tres flores pomade in their hair and they get their hair cut really short like an inch and they sleep with a pantyhose on their head so the hair goes down over nite. If you see people doing that look for tattoos all over their bodies also, maybe you are talking about gang members. Some famous Cholos include Lil Rob, Vato Loco and Down, aka Kilo. Anybody still wearing their shirts like that are fresh out the pen. No matter how many times they lose. If you choose to throw up up gang signs (which I don't recommend unless you bang or are surrounded by homies who do), make sure that you know what youre doing, 'cause if you hit the wrong people, prepare for a fight. #datosdelima #incagarcilasodelavega #comentariosrealesdelosincas #autor #cronista #cronistoria #historiasdelperu #oleo #oilcanvaspainting, A post shared by Ramon Quevedo (@datosdelima) on Jul 4, 2019 at 10:54am PDT, Cholo was first seen in print in 1609, when Peruvian writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, himself part Indigenous (considered the first known mestizo in the history of America), wrote that the child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mulato and mulata. Unlike the Mexican cholos, the cholos of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia are identified by their traditional and rural manner of dressing, compared to the modern and urban clothing worn by Mexican cholos. If you want to go extreme, get a handgun. Laugh, I say! In Nahuatl, the term means slave, servant, or waiter., #cholavida #cholaarte #firmehynas #cholahistory, A post shared by Madeline Alvizo Ramirez (@nenadecholavida) on May 8, 2019 at 9:35am PDT. But the best Mexican hair involves Three Flowers brilliantine, the lightly scented petroleum jelly revered by generations of Mexicans for its tight hold, pleasant smell and a shine that rivals a flashlight; women use it to slick their hair into buns, men to sculpt Morrissey-esque pompadours. Your email address will not be published. Web Why do Cholos shave their heads some say it started in prison or boot camp but it originated from the Pachucos in Los Angeles California. The first time you look at your bald self in the mirror, you're going to be looking at a new man. Sure, you could fight the clock and that bald spot at every turn. . The term chola has grown to mean a woman who is like this or aspires to be (although it is part of an actual culture and not something to just try on because it sounds good). Oh, and contrary to popular belief, no self-respecting Mexican man shaves his head: That's the domain of pendejo cholos and their Chicano cousins. Pitbulls. [18] The artist Chaz uses a calligraphic variant in his works. [4] Interestingly, the Mexican hairless dog is known as "xoloitzcuintli" or "xolo" in Nahuatl. [5] Cholo style has been identified as combining the loose-fitting comfort of the traditional huipil and baggy draping of the zoot suit donned by the pachuco. As we noted earlier, however, it also was used to denote people who were the children of people with African and Indigenous parents. Web Cholos cholas and cholitas are used as informal slang terms in parts of the US to refer to people of Mexican descent who usually are low-income and tough. He is gorgeous, hard-working and so kind. You can sag your pants a bit, or keep them up with a simple black military belt. A hairnet or sometimes simply a net or caul is a small often elasticised fine net worn over long hair. In Bolivia, cholo is also used to describe Indigenous people who have left the campos (the countryside) to travel to the city. Yet there is at least one quality shared by just about every woman represented: she stares squarely at the artist, at the viewer, at whomever happens to be looking. This article has been viewed 787,023 times. Lots of cholos have their last names on their arms or torso, A good place to get tattoos is on your stomach, back, or biceps. [8], During the War of the Pacific (18791883) Peruvians were contemptuously referred to as "cholos" by Chilean officers. "This really helped a lot because in the neighborhood I moved to I was called a coconut for being Latino but acting. Give him a blow job." (This pict. As mentioned above, shaving your head is a big change. The author is credited with using the word first in English, but it appears that it was used and described in English in 1819s Letters on the United Provinces of South America and 1835s Progressive Dictionaryby Samuel Fallows. To complete the pilgrimage of Umrah, one has to cut their hair as per the methods stated for men (halq) and women (taqsir) differently. This makes a shaved head or a cap on a swimmer more valuable because they are leading with their head, cutting through the water resistance with it (well, their hands do a lot of the lead work . Cholo not only described Mexicans under the Spanish casta system but was, and is used, to describe the Indigenous peoples of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. DEAR I DONT FEEL TURBULENCE: You know us Mexicansthrow caution to the wind. "Cholo" became synonymous with the idea of being . Don't walk around with the wrong color unless you are ready for a beat down. Another theory to where the word cholo comes from is that it is a shortened version of the Nahuatl Chololln. Dijiste u oste alguna de estas frases? It improves the hair's health. Sure you could go subtle, cover up the spots where your hair is getting thin, frame your face or you could bare it all, at least from the eyebrows up. This allows for uniformity in appearance, practicality, and cleanliness. Inspiration, empowerment, and entertainment for forward-thinking Latinas. [1], Chicano/a youth who adopt a cholo or chola culture endure criminalization, with police and other institutions equating cholo style with a 'gang member'. Web Cholos in the 1990s and 2000s frequently have their hair buzzed very short though some continue to have the more traditional slicked-back hair sometimes held in place by a. They tapped into racist fears of their inherent criminality to create a public impression that would counter the image of the submissive, stigmatized servant. A cholo or chola is a member of a Chicano and Latino subculture or lifestyle associated with a particular set of dress, behavior, and worldview which originated in Los Angeles. Support the most digestible form of amnesty, cabrones, and to all my DREAMers out there: Keep the faith. It was also consistent with the governments post Mexican Revolution view that all ethnic groups should be combined into a common Mexican national identity. 1 2022 streaming exclusively on Peacock in the US and WWE Network everywhere else. In Ecuador, mestizas wearing indigenous attire in Ecuador were termed cholas. The chola aesthetic is perpetually popular, with so many YouTube videos on how to do chola makeup, a new generation of Chicanxs and Latinxs recreating throwback looks, and many people paying homage. While it is hard to define exactly where cultural appreciation ends and cultural appropriation begins, chola culture (including the word cholo/a) isnt a costume or a mood it is an actual culture that was born from resistance and emerged from hardship. Most of the violence among these groups is over territory. They were typically seen as American Hispanics and not as Mexicans because of their dress and appearance, which was not traditionally worn Mexico. The shocking reason why the entire Rowland family from Life Below Zero: Next Generation shaved their head. Cholo no longer necessarily refers only to ethnic heritage, and is not always meant negatively. You can shape the way your face is structured by choosing different types of beards. This was all based on race/color and purity of blood. Why do gangsters wear hair nets. Know your history. Cholo can signify anything from its original sense as a person with one Amerindian parent and one Mestizo parent, "gangster" in Mexico, an insult in some South American countries (similar to chulo in Spain), or a "person who dresses in the manner of a certain subculture" in the United States as part of the cholo subculture. 2 1636 reviews Highest rating. As stated by Vigil, "much of this interethnic friction revolves around competition for scarce job resources, especially between members of the depressed underclass and desperate immigrants. wikiHow is a wiki, similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. #arte #artwork #lineart #art #artist #drawing #illustration #instaart #dogs_of_instagram #lovedogs #dogloversclub #dogfriends #dog #dogs #doglover #dogbreeds #perros #razas #razasdeperros #instadog #artoftheday #dogoftheday #mexico #xoloitzcuintle #mexicanhairlessdog #xoloitzcuintli #xolo #spitzdog #primitivedog #nahuatl, A post shared by Canis Mundi Project (@canismundiproject) on Jan 15, 2020 at 5:38am PST, In 1571, the word xolo was included in Fray Alonso de Molinas Nahuatl-Spanish dictionary, Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana Y Mexicana y Castellana. Simply put: Like any teen trend, shaved heads started with youngsters imitating their friends, who imitated their older brothers and cousins, who imitated their peers. We do! If your hair is thinning out, shaving represents a conscious decision to say goodbye to it. For two consecutive winters, my reservations for Chicago-to-Houston-to-Leon, Guanajuato, on Continental Airlines, and Chicago-to-Dallas-to-Leon on American Airlines were canceled with a call I received while packing my suitcases! ". Some men decided to go bald after tearing their hair out over-elaborate . On top of that, it's a style that says I'm not thinking about my hair right now.. The rise of the positive use of the word cholo and cholo culture coincided with the Chicano movement of the 1960s. Ready to earn more money and command respect with the right clothing? Dear Gabacha in Love: The first draft of my answer to your question ended this way: "You want to soothe your Mexican man's frayed nerves, Enamorada? Anyways, shaving your head will make you look tougher and more intimidating. Fellow Ecuadorian writer and friend Jonathan (@Amerindian_1491) once wrote a thought provoking piece comparing what it means to be a "cholo" in Mexican culture to what the identity means to South Americans as well as his own experiences with both identities as a native South American man living amongst a Mexican "cholo" dominated culture in California. #StVincentandtheGrenadines is a nation in the #LesserAntilles chain, located in the southern portion of the #WindwardIslands, at the southern end of the eastern border of the #CaribbeanSea. [16][14] These groups mimic the organization of gangs in the United States, especially California, Texas and Chicago. The term's use to describe a caste is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. We live in Mexico under the specter of the narcosand we make it. [7], Footwear originally included Stacy Adams dress shoes, and "biscuits" (pointy-toed dress shoes). "[5][6], In Imperial Mexico, the terms cholo and coyote co-existed,[citation needed] indicating mixed Mestizo and Amerindian ancestry. You should wear pants or a dress shirt. Tonsure on the head and face can help a monk achieve monastics. [citation needed] Tejano cholos typically make heavy use of starch on their pants but so do traditional Tejanos. Ask the Mexican at th********@as*********.net, be his fan on Facebook, follow him onTwitter or ask him a video question at youtube.com/askamexicano! Who cares if the Federal Aviation Administration downgraded AeroMexico to the status of Third World airlines? The word cholo has seen an evolution from a completely insulting term to one of empowerment. But there are a few reasons why every guy should at least consider trying it out. What happened to Brittany Rowland's hair? Read a review of Que Chola at the National Hispanic Cultural Center via the link in profile! #lachola, #quechola, #nhcc, #jadiragurul, A post shared by Southwest Contemporary (@swcontemporary) on May 7, 2019 at 10:52am PDT. Some say Celtic monks would shave the fronts of their heads from ear-to-ear while leaving the rest long, while McCarthy's research suggests heads were shaved to include a fringe across the front. Cholo no longer necessarily refers only to ethnic heritage, and is not always meant negatively. A post shared by addisuns (@indigenousunity) on May 30, 2018 at 12:23pm PDT. . Why do people in Kenya shave their heads? "This post helped me reach my true form. The most obvious of these is hats you'll want to protect your head from sunburn and cold weather, so if you want an excuse to try out different men's hat styles, this is it. And the popularity of beards will add to the cool factor of your shaved head. 3 3Why do mexicans without hair wear hairnets. The children of these they call cholos. [2] In Bolivia, the term "cholita" has overcome former prejudice and discrimination, and cholitas are now seen as fashion icons. I cited the Orson Welles classic Touch of Evil (notice white-hot Janet Leigh is married to protagonist Mexican Mike Varga Charlton Heston in brownface), and I considered norteo super-group Los Tigres del Norte's "El Mojado Acaudalado" (The Wealthy Wetback): "Deca una gera en Florida/'I love you Mexican men'" (Said a white woman in Florida/"Amo a ustedes hombres mexicanos"). It is also used as a term of endearment between people. CHICANO/CHICANA Someone who is native of, or descends from, Mexico and who lives in the United States. Una reprentacion figurativa de un Guerrero puma tihuanaco#blackandgreytattoos #tattooculture #bolivianpride #prehispanictattoo #americatattoocochabamba #byjhinnoaroni #guerrerotattooart, A post shared by Jhinno Aroni (@jhinnoaroni) on Feb 5, 2019 at 10:34am PST. This term is short for pachucos. The word cholo appeared in the classic novel, Moby Dick, by Herman Melville, in 1851. Back in the colonial times, being placed in a certain category and on a certain level of the Spanish/Mexican casta system dictated your whole life. As mentioned by Buddha in the sacred texts, shaving helps monks to achieve a monastic way of life. Do not tell anyone what gang you are affiliated with. 1 1.Shaved Heads - StreetGangs.Com forum on gangs around the world; 2 2.Why do Cholos shave their heads - By Pachuco Sam - YouTube; 3 3.Discover why do cholos shave their head 's popular videos - TikTok; 4 4.What's up with Mexicans and their grooming habits? And not just the Mexis, but all the DREAMers who are more American than John Wayne, George Washington and Lady Gaga put together. Were going as far back as possible to where the word cholo actually came from, understand what it has really meant over the centuries, and how it has been used to identify groups of Indigenous and Latinx people til this very day. An ingrown hair is when hair grows back into your skin and causes inflammation. Does The Cholo Sub Culture Exist Deep In Mexico Hair Theater School City Data Forum, Jorge Ramos The Voice Of Immigrant America The New Yorker, The Hairnet Cholo Style Back In The Days Shorts Hairstyle Cholo Youtube, Michelle Pfeiffer Cuts Her Long Blonde Hair Into A Blunt Bob A Long Overdue Chop, Hetto Natural Curly Clip In Hair Extensions Real Human Hair Loose Wavy Blonde Clip In Remy Human Hair Extensions 14 Inch 4 27 Blonde Highlighted Brown Clip In Extensions Remy Hair 7pieces 105gram, 25 Men With Long Hair All The Looks You Need To Know. Te han dicho alguna de estas frases o parecidas? Even if you're aging. Joseph Meugorac10 April 1929 Los Angeles, California, U.S. 8 November 1993 (aged 64) Corcoran, California, U.S. Correctional Training Facility, California, United States, Deuel Vocational Institution, California, United States. Since the term was used to separate people of color and place them below white Spaniards in the caste system, it was used to stereotype people of Indigenous descent and identity in a negative way. Contact Us Why do gangsters wear hair nets. A bald head tends to draw your attention toward your body. Their shaved heads play a significant role in their tough-guy image. Cholo style graffiti is a unique writing and lettering style. This is usually used to refer to people who are born in different places.[2]. It's more likely to happen if you have tightly curled hair. If you have a girl, call her your hyna or your sancha. Shave hair randomly (irregularly), Shave hair in the center of the head only and let the hair on the right and left side of the head, or vice versa, Shave the front of the head and let the back of the head. - Riverfront Times; 5 5.Cholo (subculture) - Wikipedia nah, its a pinche pocho who doesnt know any better but draws a nice salary by fooling clueless, monolingual gabachos into thinking he does. A beard or mustache. Look at a typical walking street in Mexico City and the hair cuts people have. Stay true, never be a rata (snitch) or you'll find yourself laying in chalk. Know what else can do that job for you? For the women who do not do it, they don't consider it necessary to go to such an extent . Web A bustier with a black or white top that reveals a womans breasts. Jan 8, 2018. Cholo (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a loosely defined Spanish term that has had various meanings. . The name comes from the god Xolotl and itzcuintli, meaning dog in Nahuatl. Another word used to describe this mix one mestizo parent and one Indigenous parent is the derogatory coyote., A post shared by Cayita (@cayita_emotion) on Jan 11, 2020 at 9:01pm PST. I have suffered from anxiety and depression in the past, but have responded well to my anti-depressants and so, have been feeling 'better' since this summer. Even if you're aging. Click here for his YouTube channel on style, confidence, and etiquette. A shaved head is also appreciated by Zen Buddhism, which is the meditative school of Japan. The intimidating precision of Michael Jordan's shaved head felt like an extension of his prowess on the basketball court and sparked a boost in the look's popularity. Why do cholos shave their heads? If you want to be a cholo pronto, then see Step 1 to be on your way. I'm Antonio Centeno, the founder of RMRS. His older sister, keyana, played in 4 state championships. According to the 2010 census, about 15% consider themselves indigenous, though about 58% of these do not speak any indigenous language. [8][9], Cholo was originally used to denote a racialized individual of lower socioeconomic status. When you shave your head you join the ranks of a historic assortment of badasses Jordan, Jason Statham, Samuel L. Jackson, The Rock, Vin Diesel, Bruce Willis, Patrick Stewart. DEAR MEXICAN: Who puts the intense pressure on all adolescent Mexican boys to either shave or buzz their cranium hair, regardless of the number of scars, large ears or folds of ugly neck skin revealed? ), 10 Style Tips For Shorter Men (What Looks Good On Short Guys? In Ecuador, there are indigenous fishermen known as cholos pescadores. They live and work along the Ecuadorian coast, in the provinces of Santa Elena, Guayas, and Manabi. Why do gangsters wear hair nets. Even if you're not in a gang, don't say anything. The mental associations that creates for you and the people around you will boost your confidence and sense of resilience. The bio ended in one of three ways: John . Association; Boldness; Deeper Psychology; Chance For Reinvention; Facial Hair; Bonus: Maturity; Ihsaan Ali of The StyleJumper knows a thing or two about rocking the shaved head. De Padovane, 32 So how come the same doesnt apply to Spanish in the Estados Unidos? His older sister, keyana, played in 4 state championships. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Be-a-Cholo-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Be-a-Cholo-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Be-a-Cholo-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/aid191556-v4-728px-Be-a-Cholo-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"