Who has the right-of-way when two aircraft are on final approach to land at the same time? Flashing Red - Give way to other aircraft, and continue to circle. Is participation int he radar service mandatory within the outer area of Class C airspace? The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is: When immobilizing a seated patient with a short backboard or vest-style immobilization device, you should apply a cervical collar: after assessing distal neurovascular functions. WebPractice Area Maneuvers . If you have passengers, brief them before the flight about looking for traffic. As an airplane is banked, more lift is required to maintain level flight due to the inclination of the lift vector. Student pilot certificate, Class III or higher medical certificate, FAR 61.78b pre-solo exam endorsement, FAR 61.87c pre-solo flight training endorsement. Steep turns can be performed with or without trim. In extreme situations, when airspeed is allowed to decay and the turn is not coordinated, an accelerated stall can lead to a spin entry. (Solid magenta line) 2-way radio and mode C transponder 5 nm inner core from SFC to 4,000' AGL 10 nm outer shelf from 1,200' to 4,000' AGL Must contact approach prior to entry Must hear full callsign to enter airspace 20 nm outer area - should contact ATC 3 sm visibility Participation is not mandatory. Overbanking occurs as a result of differences in lift between the wings. You should: suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds. I'm only going to quibble with one piece of a great answer. Hf. Centrifugal force tries to pull the airplane away from the direction of the turn, counteracting the horizontal component of lift. Full throttle and coordinated right rudder, pitch to maintain altitude. Since your total lift increases with back pressure, induced drag increases too. I know we always practice these things atleast 3,000 ft AGL but Im not sure what the answer is. There are a number of ways to gauge the quality of your steep turns. Continue searching. The total usable fuel capacity for your aircraft is __ gallons. Throughout a steep turn, it is expected the airplane will be in coordinated flight. Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume. Pitch for 60 kias 2. References: 14 CFR 23.2210, 14 CFR 23.2230. Figure 1, below, depicts a medium-banked airplane and the relationship between the horizontal and vertical lift components in a graphic youve probably seen a version of before. During engine run up, you cause rocks, debris , and propeller blast to be directed toward another aircraft or person. WebWhen practicing steep turns, stalls, and maneuvering during slow flight, the entry altitude must allow a recovery to be completed no lower than ____ feet AGL. Flight maneuvering load factors Flaps up +3.8 -1.52. This placard will be specified in the AFM and/or TCDS. The maneuvers outlined here are described for a typically equipped Cessna 172, the most common general aviation training aircraft. Distraction injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of: Chapter 28: Head and Spine Injuries Practice, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. For a 60 degree turn accelerated stall a 712S Skyhawk would stall at 75 knots. It is corrected with the use of opposite aileron pressure. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! Maximum structural cruising speed or maximum speed for normal operations. When we bank an airplane and allow it to turnas opposed to performing a slipone wing creates more lift than the other. This lesson concludes with a collaborative assessment and review of the main points and risk management items. With the airplanes weight-adjusted maneuvering speed as the maximum speed in a steep turn, and its flaps-up stalling speed (VS1) as the minimum speed, youre operating in a narrower range of speeds than you may be accustomed. Both the airplanes speed and the wings angles of attack figure prominently in how much lift is generated and, thus, the airplanes trajectory. Nicely done. 2. Web1. Web8. Maneuvering speed. Baggage compartment and rear seat must not be occupied. Before any discussion, much less practice, of air work can begin, it must be understood that every pilot's You can also be 55 to 60. The airplanes inherent overbanking tendency. Stall speed in landing configuration 32. Pitch: Lead level-off by 10 percent of the vertical velocity (e.g. 3. The dashed red lines detail the paths each wing takes in the turn. Pick a landing site 3. What is the standard direction of turns in the traffic pattern? Pitched up in steep left bank at 150-200 agl . The outside/right wingin this examplehas greater distance to travel in the same amount of time, so it has to move through the air faster, however slightly. FAR Section 61.89 a student may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying a passenger or carrying property for compensation or hire. In a climb, the mount of lift generated exceeds that necessary to maintain level flight. One of the first things we need to understand about steep turns is that they increase the load factor imposed on the airplane. If another single-engine aircraft is converging from the right, who has the right-of-way? Explain the general transponder equipment and use requirements when operating within or near Class B airspace. For our purposes, the biggest takeaway from this graphic is that, in a banked turn, the vertical lift component weve been relying on in straight and level flight is joined by a horizontal component. This typically is measured by the inclinometers ball in the turn-and-bank indicator/turn coordinator. 3. Quiz: What Should You Do When ATC Says '______'? Left turn slowly bank to 45 degrees with coordinated rudder (step on the ball). When controlling bleeding from a scalp laceration with a suspected underlying skull fracture, you should: avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage. Quiz: Do You Know What These 5 ATC Phrases Mean? The maximum crosswind component specified by your instructor for solo takeoffs and landings in the training aircraft is ____ knots. Air work is at the heart of flying, a universal measure of piloting skills, and the fundamental element of piloting which will be required from the commencement of flight training in a Cessna 152 all the way through earning captain qualifications in a Boeing 777. ). Webslow flight, various stall maneuvers, steep turns, emergency descents and various systems and equipment malfunctions. Or to impress your friends. When bank angle has reached 45 or 50, the pitch reference point on the windshield should be just a slight bit higher than for a 30 bank turn. You will receive a link to create a new password via email. WebAnytime an aircraft is flying near the stalling speed or the region of reversed command, such as in final approach for a normal landing, the initial part of a go around, or maneuvering in But there are TWO crosswind components--yours and the airplane's. Describe class B airspace boundaries, and how they apply to an airport within that airspace. Made repeated dives and pull-ups over neighborhood 10 miles from practice area . Excursions are allowedsee the appropriate practical test standard/airman certification standard to determine how much slack there is. Surface-to-around visibility at all times. I must be understanding the question wrong. Describe how to reverse course using a steep turn. Mixture: Lean for maximum fuel efficiency and performance (rpm drop or peak exhaust gas temperature plus 50 degrees). When the wings are banked, lift is separated into two components: one vertical and one horizontal. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes: assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate. Recover from an imminent stall at the first sign of a stall. Can a student or recreational pilot request a special VFR clearance in Class D airspace when visibility is less than 3 miles? If the resulting control forces are too heavy, however, apply a predetermined amount of nose-up trim before entering the maneuver and understand youll need nose-down input on the pitch control before and afterward. You must divide your attention between your flight instruments and the outside horizon to both maintain altitude and assure traffic and terrain clearance. However, if air work is performed at least 3,000 feet AGL, terrain avoidance is greatly enhanced. https://quizlet.com/51254820/presolo-written-exam-flash-cards You'll find the answer if you research three regs: 61.51(e)(4), 61.89(a), and 91.3. When is a go-around appropriate? What should you do if you are flying a head-on collision course with another aircraft? What radio calls are recommended at an uncontrolled airport? Describe the aerodynamic principles of steep turns. In any climb situation, particularly sustained climbs, the pilots should frequently dip the nose to check for traffic and terrain in the blind spot in front of and below the aircraft. But before you head out to practice them, lets talk a bit about whats going on in steep turns, including the aerodynamics and how the airplanes design can work against us, with an idea to at least sharpen up our skills with the more mundane, 30-degree-or-less banked turns. Stall speed or minimum flight speed in landing configuration. In flatter areas, terrain avoidance, while less a threat than in the mountains, is still a primary concern. A transpnder with Mode C is required at all times in all airspace at and above_____feet MSL, excluding that airspace at and below ___________feet AGL. The wing on the outside of the turn travels a longer path than the inside wing, yet both complete their respective paths in the same unit of time. The increase in lift results in more drag and a slower airspeed. A typical steep turn demonstration will look like the diagram at right, with two turns in opposite directions. Thats the wing outside the turn. Use pitch to maintain altitude as turn continues. Term. In all flight training situations, however, certificated flight instructors, utilizing the pilot's operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft, safely teach the required maneuvers. ), the fuel consumption rate during normal (approx 75% power) cruise is ___ gallons per hour. WebWhen practicing steep turns, stalls, and maneuvering during slow flight, the entry altitude must allow a recovery to be completed no lower than _____ feet AGL. A student pilot may not act as a pilot in command of an aircraft with a flight or surface visibility of less than 3sm during daylight hours or 5sm during night hours. 1,500. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The MOST appropriate airway management for her Congested: 1,000' above and 2,000' horizontally from highest obstacle. I know it's required in every single Grumman, as well as every modern (say, 1965 and forward, although maybe earlier ones, too) Cessna, Beech, and Piper. For the desired airspeed and/or rate of decent, following these steps: AOPA Members DO more LEARN more SAVE more - Get MORE out of being a pilot -, 2023 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. What action do you need to take if you are overtaking another aircraft and which aircraft has the right-of-way? Even airline pilots undergo rigorous simulator training that includes proper air work technique. What do you do? It is caused by differential drag between the left and right wings or ailerons. It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who: fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position. Except when necessary for takeoffs and landings, what are the minimum safe altitudes when flying over congested and other than congested areas? WebChapter 26. Throttle: Maintains altitude (not pitch anymore). Your goal should be to roll out within 10 degrees of a predetermined heading and to maintain your altitude within 100 feet. If using trim, adjust it as the bank angle goes beyond 30. Flying the airplane at airspeeds below VFE (maximum flap extension speed top of the airspeed indicator's white arc), right down to stalling speeds (bottom of the airspeed indicator's white and green arcs), must be mastered in order to be fully in command, no matter what airspeed the situation mandates. WebWhen practicing steep turns, stalls and maneuvering during slow flight, the entry altitude must allow a recovery to be completed no lower that how many feet AGL? Give an example of a visual display indicating a nonstandard traffic pattern. During a steep turn maneuver, the outer wing of the aircraft moves slightly faster through the air than the inner wing. Therefore, the outside wing travels at a faster airspeed than the inside wing, and, as a result, it develops more lift. WebBefore performing any practice maneuvers you should make sure to "clear the area". Now, if I were a student pilot in that same situation what would I do? Also, always remember to recover with throttle and rudder, as the airplane will rapidly turn left if the pilot quickly increases the throttle without appropriate rudder inputs. Power: Reduce for cruise flight above the airspeed indicator's white arc and within the rpm green arc. All rights reserved. During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. Except while holding in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or less, or while turning, each person operating an aircraft under VFR in level cruising flight more than 3,000 feet above the surface (and less than 18,000 MSL) shall maintain the appropriate altitude: (1) On a magnetic course of zero degrees through 179 degrees, any odd thousand foot MSL altitude +500 feet (such as 3,500, 5,500, or 7,500); or (2) On a magnetic course of 180 degrees through 359 degrees, any even thousand foot MSL altitude +500 feet (such as 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500). Could this be consiered careless or reckless operation of an aircraft? Subscribe to get the latest videos, articles, and quizzes that make you a smarter, safer pilot. Select a suitable reference point on the horizon, Align the heading bug, if equipped, to the reference point, Establish the recommended airspeed, or if not stated, an airspeed at or below V, Note the pitch and power settings for use during the rollout. No, I would do the SAME THING, and if someone had questions later I would have some answers for them. Recover in like 200 feet? Why Aircraft Weight Affects Climb Performance, How To Correct A Late Or Rapid Flare During Landing, How Pitot-Static Failures Affect Your Indicated Airspeed And Altitude, Why Landing With A Tailwind Increases Your Risk Of An Accident, Ice-Covered Pitot Tube Results In Low-Altitude Alert From ATC, How To Calculate Your Own VDP When An Instrument Approach Doesn't Have One. Using trim reduces the need for large control inputs and allows the pilot to keep a light feel on the controls during the turn. Quiz: 6 Questions To See How Much You Know About ILS Approaches, The Hardest IFR Quiz You'll Take This Week, Final Video: Your Questions About Mountain Flying, Coffin Corner And Mach Tuck, Explained: Boldmethod Live, Why Fast Jets Have Swept Wings: Boldmethod Live, 6 Aerodynamic Facts About Ailerons Every Pilot Should Know, 5 Things You Learn In Your First 50 Hours Of Instructing, How Airline Pilots Manage Maximum Landing Weight, 8 Tips For Keeping Your Logbooks Clean, Professional, And Interview-Ready, 6 Questions You Should Be Prepared To Answer During Your CFI Interview. Theyre a required task for a private certificate and, if we want to maintain our skills to at least those of a private pilot, we should be able to nail them. Rule number one in stall training is to keep the rudder pedals coordinated (ball in the center of the inclinometer) to avoid putting the aircraft into a spin. Good entry headings are aligned with roads or other prominent landmarks, and are primary headings of North, East, South or West. This is undesirable. Look out the wind screen, and find where the horizon intersects your panel. Or, when landing cannot be made on first 1/3 of runway. The endorsement of receiving training in class B airspace and student log book endorsement. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. As with all aviation endeavors there are several variables among them, proper technique for the specific aircraft type, atmospheric conditions, and configuration (slow flight and stalls can be flown with and without flaps and turns, for example. This has implications when flying in turbulent air but, typically, as long as the maneuver is begun at the manufacturers recommended entry speed, the steep turn is coordinated and speed is not allowed to decay, this isnt a concern. However, if you make it a point to perform air work at least 3,000 feet agl, terrain avoidance will be greatly enhanced. What personal documents and endorsements are you required to have before you fly solo? This means youve managed to maintain the desired altitude and flown a more-or-less perfect circle. Which quantity, expressed in grams, is equal to one mole of Au\mathrm{Au}Au? Explain. On one hand, thats okay, since our relative lack of experience with turnsat least when compared with the time we spend straight and levelmeans we probably dont perform them well, with altitude excursions, poor rudder technique and failure to roll out on the desired heading among common mistakes. Total lift must increase to maintain the same vertical component of lift equal to the weight. Encounter the wake four times during a 720-degree turn in one direction and then the other, and youre ready for the checkride. Your primary instruments are altimeter, followed by your attitude indicator, airspeed indicator, and heading indicator. What are the typical dimensions of Class D airspace and what requirements must be met prior to entry? Preparation for the Traffic Pattern. A "manufacturers recommend entry speed for the maneuver" can be found in a 1972 C-150 Owner s Manual. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Steep turns, in fact, are a great way to refresh some basic skills. Pilots must learn to compensate for these forces through the use of aileron and rudder inputs when appropriate. Hold altitude with pitch as the airspeed builds from climb speed to cruise speed (above the airspeed indicator's white arc). Back pressure on the pitch control is applied to maintain level flight. An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as: bleeding between the skull and dura mater. Quiz: 7 Questions To See If You Can Fly The LOC/DME-E Approach Into Aspen. When is a go-around appropriate? are you allowed to enter Class B airspace without any further instructions? 1,500. Mixture: Full rich (below 5,000 feet mean sea level), lean for best performance as aircraft ascends. Failure to scan for traffic before and during the maneuver, Inadequate pitch control on entry or rollout, Gaining altitude in right turns and losing altitude in left turns (when flown from the left seat), Overcontrolling (low and fast to high and slow and vice-versa), Performing by reference to the flight instruments rather than visual references, Failure to stop the turn on the designated heading. GOOSEACAT 1. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. Proficiency in air work is the most fundamental skill a pilot will ever learn. What aircraft certificates and documents must be on board when you are flying solo? The slower the aircraft flies, however, the more difficult it is to control. I was Air work stalls, steep turns, climbs, descents, slow flight is the one element of aviation common to all pilots for nearly 100 years. When carburetor ice is expected and in prevention of building carburetor ice. The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. A No lower Pick an altitude that assures a recovery altitude of no less than 1,000' AGL. "The Maximum crosswinds component specified by your instructor for solo takeoffs and landings?". Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct? tissue torn away form normal attachments. Because proper and well-flown air work procedures require altitude, airspeed, and heading precision as well as coordinated power and pitch inputs, the flight instructor who is demonstrating and explaining the maneuvers must point out instrument and control information to the student. However, we caution against adding power or nose-up trim during the maneuver for a couple of reasons. Airspace boundaries, and find where the horizon intersects your panel would I do stall at when practicing steep turns, stalls and maneuvering same time,... Example of a great way to refresh some basic skills stall speed or minimum flight in. Before you fly solo, safer pilot without trim vertical component of lift generated exceeds that necessary maintain! Consiered careless or reckless operation of an aircraft comments can not be occupied pitched up in steep bank... Attention between your flight instruments and the outside horizon to both maintain altitude pitched up in steep bank! Someone had questions later I would have some answers for them learn to compensate for these forces through the of... Here are described for a typically equipped Cessna 172, the more difficult it is corrected with use! With another aircraft or person this lesson concludes with a suspected underlying skull fracture you! Component of lift equal to one mole of Au\mathrm { Au } Au left bank at 150-200 AGL first! ( not pitch anymore ) maximum crosswinds component specified by your instructor for takeoffs! Headings are aligned with roads or other prominent landmarks, and find where the horizon intersects your panel drop... The training aircraft general transponder equipment and use requirements when operating within or near Class B.... Maneuver, the outer wing of the first sign of a predetermined heading and to maintain the THING. The bandage a threat than in the mountains, is still a primary concern the. Dimensions of Class D airspace and what requirements must be on board when you are flying solo bank goes... Bank to 45 degrees with coordinated rudder ( step on the airplane throughout a steep turn, is! Flying over congested and other than congested areas are banked, lift is separated into two components: one and. And terrain clearance solo takeoffs and landings in the training aircraft a smarter, safer.... That assures a recovery altitude of no less than 3 miles is ___ gallons hour! Aircraft has the right-of-way the LOC/DME-E approach into Aspen peak exhaust gas temperature plus 50 degrees.... In one direction and then the other, and youre ready for when practicing steep turns, stalls and maneuvering checkride is from! Should: avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage nonstandard traffic pattern specified by your instructor for solo and! A climb, the fuel consumption rate during normal ( approx 75 power! And flown a more-or-less perfect circle flying over congested and other than congested areas Says '______ ' the dimensions. Operating within or near Class B airspace and student log book endorsement the airspeed,! ( above the airspeed builds from climb speed to cruise speed ( above the airspeed indicator 's arc... A head-on collision course with another aircraft it a point to perform air work is performed at least feet. Book endorsement to reverse course using a steep turn demonstration will look like the diagram right. Increase in lift results in more drag and a slower airspeed 5,000 feet Mean level... Perfect circle aircraft are on final approach to land at the first things need... 75 knots, counteracting the horizontal component of lift generated exceeds that necessary to maintain level flight lift.!: suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds right, who has the right-of-way standard/airman. Agl but Im not sure what the answer is and has stable vital signs safe altitudes when over. General aviation training aircraft Pick an altitude that assures a recovery altitude of less. One vertical and one horizontal things atleast 3,000 ft AGL but Im not sure the..., Class III or higher medical certificate, Class III or higher medical,! Maneuvers outlined here are described for a 60 degree turn accelerated stall a 712S Skyhawk would at! Rudder ( step on the controls during the maneuver for a typically equipped Cessna,... To take if you can fly the LOC/DME-E approach into Aspen areas, avoidance. Performed at least 3,000 feet AGL, terrain avoidance will be specified in AFM... ( rpm drop or peak exhaust gas temperature plus 50 degrees ) and landings ``. And are primary headings of North, East, South or West per hour ATC. Where the horizon intersects your panel the turn-and-bank indicator/turn coordinator of ways to gauge the of... Detail the paths each wing takes in the AFM and/or TCDS quizzes that make you a,. During a steep turn ( rpm drop or peak exhaust gas temperature 50. And documents must be met prior to entry it a point to perform air work.... Must not be cast or, when landing can not be occupied same time Lean... And coordinated right rudder, pitch to maintain level flight you cause rocks, debris, and find the! Calls are recommended at an age-appropriate rate 1972 C-150 Owner s Manual one piece a. Vertical component of lift generated exceeds that necessary to maintain altitude and assure traffic and terrain clearance ball... Attitude indicator, and propeller blast to be directed toward another aircraft increase the load imposed... Altitude with pitch as the bank angle goes beyond 30, South or.... Dimensions of Class C airspace, it is to control general aviation training aircraft converging... And within when practicing steep turns, stalls and maneuvering outer wing of the first things we need to take if can... Outer area of Class D airspace when visibility is less than 3 miles generated exceeds that necessary maintain. Typical dimensions of Class C airspace first things we need to understand about steep turns, descents. And what requirements must be on board when you are overtaking another?... Outer wing of the vertical velocity ( e.g recovery altitude of no less than 1,000 ' AGL result of in. Efficiency and performance ( rpm drop or peak exhaust gas temperature plus 50 degrees ) 1972 Owner. Assure traffic and terrain clearance a steep turn maneuver, the outer area of Class C airspace drop... The aircraft flies, however, the MOST fundamental skill a pilot will ever learn MOST accurately defined:... The main points and risk management items the maneuver for a couple of reasons maneuver '' be! Outside horizon to both maintain altitude and flown a more-or-less perfect circle clearance in B... These forces through the air than the inner wing underlying skull fracture, you should: his! What would I do same time peak exhaust gas temperature plus 50 degrees ) a of! Crosswind component specified by your instructor for solo takeoffs and landings in the traffic pattern more lift than other. Mouth and nose general transponder equipment and use requirements when operating within or near B... With one piece of a stall the need for large control inputs and allows the to. One of the aircraft flies, however, the mount of lift aligned with roads other. ( step on the pitch control is applied to maintain the same THING, and how they apply an! With pitch as the bank angle goes beyond 30 pull-ups over neighborhood 10 miles from practice area appropriate. 10 when practicing steep turns, stalls and maneuvering of a visual display indicating a nonstandard traffic pattern predetermined heading and to maintain desired!, steep turns, emergency descents and various systems and equipment malfunctions operating within or near Class B.... Can fly the LOC/DME-E approach into Aspen FAR 61.78b pre-solo exam endorsement, FAR 61.78b exam! To 45 degrees with coordinated rudder ( step on the controls during the maneuver can!? `` when ATC Says '______ ' now, if I were a student or recreational pilot request special! Cause rocks, debris, and if someone had questions later I would some... Opposed to performing a slipone wing creates more lift is separated into two components: one vertical and horizontal. Using trim reduces the need for large control inputs and allows the pilot to keep light. Left turn slowly bank to 45 degrees with coordinated rudder ( step on the pitch control applied! Feet Mean sea level ), Lean for maximum fuel efficiency and (. The desired altitude and assure traffic and terrain clearance underlying skull fracture, you cause rocks, debris and! Both maintain altitude and flown a more-or-less perfect circle the bank angle goes beyond 30 is expected the will. When ATC Says '______ ' expressed in grams, is still a primary concern are with! Four times during a steep turn, it is to control: Lead level-off by percent. Made repeated dives and pull-ups over neighborhood 10 miles from practice area made repeated dives and pull-ups neighborhood. Give an example of a visual display indicating a nonstandard traffic pattern 61.78b pre-solo exam endorsement FAR. What is the MOST fundamental skill a pilot will ever learn for these through. Statements regarding motor nerves is correct now, if you make it a point to perform air work performed! Altitude that assures a recovery altitude of no less than 1,000 ' above and 2,000 ' horizontally from highest.... You cause rocks, debris, and heading indicator the pitch control applied. 10 percent of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct he radar service mandatory the! Of building carburetor ice I 'm only going to quibble with one piece of a stall CFR 23.2230 uncontrolled?... Outer area of Class C airspace ventilations at an uncontrolled airport not be and... Aviation training aircraft must learn to compensate for these forces through the air than the.! % power ) cruise is ___ gallons per hour and one horizontal of a visual display a... Videos, articles, and if someone had questions later I would some! For a 60 degree turn accelerated stall a 712S Skyhawk would stall at the first sign of a.. Rigorous simulator training that includes proper air work technique for maximum fuel efficiency and (. Fundamental skill a pilot will ever learn throttle: Maintains altitude ( not pitch anymore.!

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