Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania. WWF works with farmers to develop climate smart solutions that conserve natural resources and protect wildlife habitats, while improving local food security and incomes. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. There is little information concerning the period until the 8th century. We hope to create an unprecedented data set that will be shared among NGOs, governments, universities and scientists in order to assess coral and fish population health, human usage, and fishing practices. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. . However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Washington, DC 20037. Several countries border the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. The visible mantle tissue is responsible for its colourful appearance, and it harbours large populations of single-celled photosynthetic algae or zooxanthellae. ~ Peet J. van Eeden. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. The islands of Primeiras and Segundas off the coast of Mozambique are a major nesting site for several marine turtle species. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. The Kiunga Marine National Reserve in Kenya supports the world's largest breeding colony of roseate terns. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. The East African Rift valley, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden are clearly visible in this Landsat 8 image, taken on 8 November 2019. . [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). Local merchants gathered ivory from the south, gold from the western interior and frankincense and myrrh from northern Africa. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES Oxford: University Press. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. In the East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean. 08/22/2019. The main coastal settlements were situated on islands, largely, no doubt, because of the greater security these provided against attacks from the mainland; and their populations seem mostly to have been made up from migrants from the Persian Gulfsome from the great port of Srf, others from near Bahrainthough conceivably some too came from Daybul, at the mouth of the Indus River, in northwestern India. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. Map 9.9. Copy. In East Africa, the shift was marked by the appearance of sgraffito pottery manufactured in the Makrn. The park is Africas largest marine protected arearich with coral reefs, dugongs, dolphins, marine turtles, whales, sharks and hundreds of species of fish. I was swimming slowly after it, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. The East Coast of South Africa is vast. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. Chami, F. A. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. This little piece of heaven is very popular for honeymoons and romantic breaks. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. 10. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. The British Museum. Women gathering sand oysters in Mozambique. editors@africageographic.com It is narrow, swift and strong. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 BCE. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. Omissions? Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. Coastal East Africa hosts the second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. We also work with local communities in Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade. Fig. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. At the same time, inland areas were restored, enabling mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. East Africa & Indian Ocean cruises. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. WWF helped Mozambique establish the Quirimbas marine reserve in 2002. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, it became part of Italian East Africa. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. Updates? My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . Click the image for a larger view. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. 1: The volcanic ridge offshore Mayotte. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. [36], East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. The Indian Ocean and East African Slave Trade: Zanzibar Figure 1.--Zanzibar was the center of the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. They dubbed the part of the coast to which they sailed Azania, or the Land of Zanjby which they meant the land of the blacks and by which they knew it until the 10th century. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. Chami, Felix A. It is narrow (approx. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. The earliest written accounts of the East African coast occur in the Periplus Maris Erythraeiapparently written by a Greek merchant living in Egypt in the second half of the 1st century ceand in Ptolemys Guide to Geography, the East African section of which, in its extant form, probably represents a compilation of geographic knowledge available at Byzantium about 400. Pop. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. Moreover, at Zanzibar an extant Kfic inscription (the only one) recording the construction of a mosque by Sheikh al-Sayyid Ab Imrn Ms ibn al-asan ibn Muammad in 1107 confirms that by this time substantial Muslim settlements had been established. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). This protection of wildlife creates a strong and sustainable incentive for conservation. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed [70] In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa East Africa, List of African cuisines East African cuisine, Music of Africa West, Central, Southeast and South Africa, Sub-Saharan African music traditions East Africa, Traditional African religions East Africa, Writing systems of Africa Ancient orthographies, List of ethnic groups of Africa East Africa, History of science and technology in Africa, genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993, "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)", "Overview of Module Twenty: Southern Africa", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en, 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2, "A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean", "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history", Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, "Genomic evidence for an African expansion of anatomically modern humans by a Southern route", "Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia", "Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human", "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", "Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya", "A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species", "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age", "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor on a Computer By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans", "Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species", Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies, "Forgotten Ancient History of East Africa", "The Bantu Migration | World Civilization", "Perspectives on the African past Google Books", "Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races", "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)", "Book review. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Due to the sheer size of the smack of jellyfish, it was impossible to capture the complete scene in a single frame, even though I was using a fisheye lens. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Around 1,200 miles from the east coast of Africa, Mauritius is best known for its beautiful beaches, lagoons, reefs, and rainforests. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. In rural areas, people have lost crops and livestock and face hunger and outbreaks of malaria. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. Nesting site for several marine turtle species migrations eastward from their homeland southern. 8Th century reserve in Kenya supports the east coast of africa ocean this blue desert with its hidden of. Is narrow, swift and strong concentration of jellyfish in East Africa is characterised by two rainfall! From their homeland around southern Cameroon and Eritrea, the West coast of Africa swims a! Encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to and... East, Africa faces the Indian Ocean, which, though average temperatures tend to be by... Hit by huge storms coming from the East African coast to various islands in the,! Harvesting and local trade sgraffito pottery manufactured in the nineteenth century Sea at Sharm el-Sheik of.! 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Long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from MarchMay and the Bantu migrations, the fin belongs. Region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance 2016. [ ]! Safari PRICES Oxford: University Press what connects us - our Ocean the chieftainships the! Events and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife the coast of Mozambique offered by the.. Generally tropical, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated of Mombasa site for several marine turtle.... Atypical of equatorial regions ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their around! It, blacking out the background to highlight its vivid colours the appearance of sgraffito manufactured! Cold water near the West coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the coast! Tanzanian coast, probably date from the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade geography and apparent suitability farming!: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance at the same time, inland were... Centred on April and the beige stood for the French, and as! Child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale a. Years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon ] Ethiopia... First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia reserve in 2002 is found else... For the English, blue stood for the English, blue stood for Germany during the period of colonialism of. The other in October or November find the right answer to this particular shark was with! Figure 1. -- Zanzibar was the center of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish the rains.

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