However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music. With new pieces continuously proliferating even up till now, pieces only created decades ago are now considered old even though this is considered a tradition spanning many centuries. [20] Recent attempts have been made to transcribe the music using cipher notation, with gongs indicated by a numbering system, for example, numbering the gongs of an eight-gong kulintang set from 1 to 8, with the lowest-pitched gong as number 1. [17] It is also prohibited during the mourning period of the death of an important person, during funerals, and during the peak times of the planting and harvest season. Asian Music Vol 16. Even the word kulintang is believed to be an altered form of the Sundanese word kolenang.[16] These similarities led theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. Sachs, Curt. Thee aspects of kulintang music made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible. Its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity or the West make kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-ensembles. Among the numerous musical genres that . [19], These genres can be further categorized into styles, or stylistic modifications,[5] which are differentiated from one another based on instrumentation, playing techniques, function and the average age and gender of the musicians. It is used during large feasts, festive/harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. Now with the number of Antidumping and Countervailing duties dramatically increasing, the imposition of Section 232 and 301 duties on products of certain countries, and new or changed free trade agreements, the definition of country of origin has taken on . From ostentatious royal houses to the tiniest detail in their gongs, Maranao arts and crafts carry the stories of its vibrant culture. [30] Tagunggo is a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan. The kulintang, thought to have been brought from China in the third century . Unlike westernized instrumentation, there is no set tuning for kulintang sets throughout the Philippines. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. [17], The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region can vary widely from group to group. ", Schramm, Adelaida Reyes. "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music. ", Posner, Karen L. "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanoan Kulintang Music. The origin of gongs is probably China's Western Regions in the sixth century. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor,[15] Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. [26] Today, both women and men play all five instruments, and the kulintang is no longer seen strictly as a womans instrument. The suling is an end-blown edge aerophone of the Javanese people of Indonesia. Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1971). This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58. [21] Great variation exists between each set due to differences in the form, size and shape, and metal alloy used, giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. It is used during large feasts, at festive and harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. Music in Java. Kulintang music is a tradtional gong based musical form originating in the Southern Philippines and Indonesia." kulintang stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral with several rhythmic parts orderly stacked one upon another. From the video clips you have seen, identify the instruments' country of origin of each instrument and classify each using the Hornbostel-Sachs classification . The frame can be crude, made from simple bamboo/wooden poles, or it can be highly decorated and rich with traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and the West. Informal performances are quite the opposite. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3352. [45] Generally played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played to give younger musicians the opportunity to participate. Cleveland: The Arthur K. Clark Co, 1903. Country of origin also determines eligibility for special duties or free trade agreements. It has a diameter of . This article focuses on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. [1] Kulintang music also accompanies ceremonies marking significant life events, such as weddings and annual pilgrimages returning to and from Mecca. [6] It was only when they were allowed to play during kulintang performances that suitors were able to view them. [45] Generally, these styles are differentiated by what is considered traditional or old, and more contemporary or new., Old styles are considered slow, well-pronounced and dignified like the Maguindanao's kamamatuan and the Maranao's andung. The knowledge of outsiders playing traditional kulintang has encouraged the younger generation of musicians in the Philippines, both in Mindanao and in Taguig, Metro Manila. Improvisation is an essential aspect of kulintang music. Generally, ensembles consist of five to six instruments, dominated by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead melodic instrument for the entire ensemble.[37][38]. KULINTANGAN: A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS [5], However, due to the work of master musicians such as Master Danongan Kalanduyan and Usopay Cadar, kulintang music has experienced a revival of sorts. Kulintang is a Philippine musical instrument that looks like the gong/drums mixed. The kulintang may refer to: the series of graduated knobbed gongs laid in a row; the individual knobbed gong in the series; and the ensemble that is composed of other instruments such as agong (pair of heavy hanging gongs), dabakan (goblet-shaped drum), gandingan (four suspended gongs) and babandir (small metallic gong). Lanao del Sur is the homeland of the Maranao people. This is an example of kamamatuan style of the Maguindanao. Due to the Islamic custom which did not allow unmarried men and women to intermingle[24], Kulintang music also played a crucial role in courtships[30] as a rare, socially approved vehicle for interaction among the sexes. With that, the tradition of kulintang was expanded to include various tribe ceremonies such as before and after head-hunting expeditions and silat. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." The country of origin will be china. In sociology, culture is defined as "what is common to a group of individuals and as what ties them together". 121 relations. [5] Finally, the finished product is fine-tuned using a process called tongkol, hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise the gongs pitch, or hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. Though there exist no identifiable rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns with names such as the Maguindanao, each group has their own music compositions. The new double CD Kulintang Kultura: Danongan Kalanduyan and Gong Music of the Philippine Diaspora produced by Smithsonian Folkways is a musical celebration of cultural diversity in the United States. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and hardening the coal/mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. Flutes are cylindrical tubes stopped on one end, blown across a hole at the head, setting into vibration its air column inside. [35] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a kind of theme the kulintang player dresses up by variations of ornamentation, manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. [42], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal ones or informal. [10] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago, but that traditiona has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar with, a slab-key instrument known as a kolintang.[31] The fact that some areas were able to keep kulintang tradition alive during European colonization has caused kulintang to be aptly termed, the music of resistance., Today, the existence of kulintang music is threatened by the influence of globalization, and the introduction of Western and foreign ideals into the region. Otherwise, the contests traditionally pit groups of performers from one town against those from another. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. Samaon Sulaiman was a Filipino musician who is a recipient of the National Living Treasure award. The difference between gamelan and kulintang. Gongs and Bamboo: A Panorama of Philippine Music Instruments. An Introduction to the Traditional Musical Instruments of Sabah. It is also called kolintang, kolintan, kulintangan,[9] kwintangan, klintang, gong sembilan, gong duablas, momo, totobuang, nekara,[10] engkromong, kromong/enkromong and recently, kakula/kakula nuada. [15] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. It is considered one of the regions three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. This is clearly seen in the Tausugs sinug and Yakans tini-id and kuriri compositions, where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[3]. The gongs are laid face up in the instrument on two cords running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo or wooden bars resting perpendicularly across the frame, to create an entire kulintang set called a pasangan.[8]. (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. [28][7] Performances bring people of adjacent regions together, helping to unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. ed. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and harden the coal and mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. [15], There is a consensus that kulintang music developed from a foreign musical tradition which was borrowed and adapted to the indigenous music tradition already present in the area. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by theMaranao and those in Sulawesi . Due to the fact it is orally transmitted, the repertoire itself is considered something always in a state of flux due to two primary reasons. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25(1994): 141173. [42], Musical contest, particularly among the Maguindanao, have become a unique feature of these kulintang performances. Kulintang is believed to have evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda. vomiting and diarrhea at the same time in adults; hotel fixtures crossword. Magindanaon kulintang repertoire. [47] This also explains why set performance pieces for musical productions are different in some respectyoung men/women would be practicing before an event, therefore rarely relying on improvisations. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America.". Even the word kulintang is believed to be just an altered form of the Sundanese word kolenang. Generally, they consist of five to six instruments dominated of course by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead/central melodic instrument for the entire ensemble. 105122. Traditionally, kulintang performers are volunteers whose only reward is recognition and prestige. [17] These performances usually were times when amateurs practiced on the instruments, young boys and girls gathered the instruments, substituting the kulintang with the saronay and inubab. [1][2], Though different theories abound as to the exact centuries the kulintang was finally realized, there is a consensus that kulintang music developed from a foreign musical tradition which was borrowed and adapted to the indigenous music tradition already present in the area. Country that owns the technology behind the product. The kulintang gong itself is believed to be have been one of the foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang to which it bears striking similarities. First, standardized titles weren't considered a priority. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for more improvisation and greater variety of composition.[3]. In supply chain and logistics, country of origin usually refers to the country of manufacturer. Combes, Francisco. [28], Tagunggo, a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [34], is not classified under one of these styles, because it is more ritualistic than recreational in nature. For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. Though these melodies vary even within groups, one theme which characterizes the sulu-type is the exchange of short melodic phrases between the kulintangan and the agungs, where both instruments imitate and duplicate each others rhythms very quickly. [3] Young musicians, specifically young men, gravitate toward this style because of its emphasis on virtuosity and individualism. The Philippine Islands. [35] In fact, though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale (because emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes), the Pelog and Slendro scales of Java were found to be most satisfactory to their own varying pentatonic/heptatonic scales. , Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast . Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanaon; the Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Tboli, Blaan, Subanon, and other Lumad tribes of Mindanao, the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu archipelago; the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku; and the Bajau, Suluk, Murut,[23] Kadazan-Dusun, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjarmasin and Tanjung[24] in Kalimantan and Timor. [17] Gulintangan or gulingtangan literally means rolling hands in Brunei, Sabah and Sulu[18], By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had a come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. Information and translations of kulintang in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Unfortunately, however, we have very few good sources of information from the early period. It also refers to a guitar-plucking style which was dubbed as the most melodic and beautiful sounding guitar styles amongst the . Subanen The original people of Zamboanga were the Subanen of Indonesian origin who came at about 2,000 to . 2. Kulintang music likely evolved from this simple signaling tradition, transitioning into a period consisting of one player, one-gong type ensembles (like those found among the Ifugao of Luzon or Tiruray of Mindanao), developing into a multi-gong, multiplayer ensemble with the incorporation of concepts originating from Sunda (Indonesian) and finally transforming into the present day kulintang ensemble, with the addition of the dabakan, babandil and musical concepts of Islam via Islam traders. Among Primitive Peoples in Borneo. [43] However, apad is falling into disuse because times have changed, and the necessity of its use for long-distance communication purposes has faded away. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Malay archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century C.E. On the gandingan, suitors send their love interests sweet messages through apad, tones that mimic human speech in the poetic language of Maguindanao.Messages may also be sent on the kulintang and agong. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Vives, E.D.. Guide to Babendil. The recitative and simple two note music of Philippines originated as a result of the trade relations with different races such as the Arabs, Chinese, Indonesians, Japanese, Malaya, Hindus and the Indo Chinese. is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. These are the main and general guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire. These ethnic groups, including the Maguindanao, Sama-Bajau, Maranao, and Tausug people,use the Agung as a support instrument for the kulintang ensemble, a row of small gongs that functionmelodically. 2. 123130. [27], Though the variety of rhythms could result in innumerable different patterns, rhythmic modes can be generally categorized into genres according to criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. Country of last process or activity thereby creating the finished good. The most popular and artistic way of playing the kulintang is the kapagonor, where the various styles of holding the basal (decorated sticks used in beating the kulintang pieces) are shown. He is working to put the the two ancient arts together - Philippine kulintang music, and Philippine martial arts - as was done in the distant past. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[16] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. Kiefer, Thomas M.. Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem of the Southern Philippines. 121182. Today, the existence of kulintang music is threatened by the influence of globalization, and the introduction of Western and foreign ideals into the region. Unlike all other pieces in the kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a solo for public kulintang performances. Country Of Origin: Russian Federation. Nevertheless the kulintang ensemble is the most advanced form of music from before the late 16th century and the legacy of hispanization in the Philippine archipelago. And it is also a universe of exquisite folk art. [26] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. [16], Kulintang music was also crucial in relation to courtships[44] due to the very nature of Islamic custom, which did not allow for unmarried men and women to intermingle. Each gong is knobbed at the centre and is perched across two cords, allowing them to resonate freely when struck. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Indonesian archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century AD. Kulintang of the Southern Philippines is part of a larger, ancient gong and chime tradition found throughout Southeast Asia. [14] Another theory suggests that the kulintang could not have existed prior to the fifteenth century because the Javanese gong tradition, from which the kulintang is believed to derive, did not develop until around the fifteenth century. [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. This is a story of a remarkable traditional Maguindanaon musician nicknamed Tokan who plays for village celebrations and who also makes kulintangan instruments which are currently in . The Philippine Palabuniyan Kulintang musicians performing the kulintang instruments which is the music of the Maguindanao people. London: Periplus, 2002. [32], Improvisation was a vital aspect of the traditional role of kulintang music as entertainment for the entire community. ", Adelaida Reyes Schramm, "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines. Though this practice has died out among the Maranao due to its non-Islamic nature, some areas in Mindanao, Sabah and Maluku still practice this ancient tradition. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Hornbostel-Sachs instrument classification system was created by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Agung Percussion instrument Classification Idiophone Hornbostel-Sachs classification 111.241.2 (Sets of gongs) Developed Indonesia The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. [2], Kulintang music is also used to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. Kulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [5], Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, and Kadazan-Dusan. [31], The kulintang players ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is essential. [50][51], Two dancers and a group of musicians of Kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. Many of the younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their traditional music by the sight of outsiders playing the kulintang. (Spring Summer, 1996), pp. ", Scholz, Scott. "North Borneo Gongs and the Javanese Gamelan." Nha Nhac, meaning "elegant music", refers to a broad range of musical and dance styles performed at the Vietnamese royal court from the fifteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The kulintang frame is known as an "antangan" by the Maguindanao (which means to arrange) and "langkonga" by the Maranao. Oellana, Dionisio, and Efren Endriga. Country of manufacturer as determined according to preset rules like value add rules, tariff shift or transformational process. ", Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. The gong is then refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the blacksmith (pandy). Philippine flutes made of bamboo have different blowing end. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. [4] Along with the fact that they play important roles in their respective ensembles, both the kulintang and kolenang show striking homogeneity in tapered rims (as opposed to the pronounced tapering of Javanese bonang and the non-tapered Laotian khong vong gongs). Because of this, kulintang music was one of the rare socially approved vehicles for interaction among the sexes. ", Terada, Yoshitaka. Kulintang. [18] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes, all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. It is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand. ", Sutton, R. Anderson. . It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. [4], The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consists of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, laid horizontally upon a frame and arranged in order of pitch, with the lowest gong on the players left. 4. [23] This tuning system, not based upon equal temperament or upon a system of standard pitches, but on a similar/certain pattern of large and small intervals, can also be found among the gamelan orchestras of western Indonesia. Manny Dragon is a martial arts instructor who teaches the Villabrille-Largusa Kali System in the San Francisco Bay Area. Edward M. Frame, "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia. The kulintang gong itself is believed to have been one of those foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang due to its striking similarities. is that "gamelan" is a genre of music of Indonesian origin typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs and a bamboo flute and "kulintang" is an ancient form of instrumental music of Southeast Asia, played on a row of small, horizontally-laid melodic gongs accompanied by larger suspended gongs and drums. [10], As ancient as this music is, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins. [17] It was only when she was allowed to play during kulintang performances that suitors were allowed to view her. In most cases, the product wholly obtained in one country may have a far better quality than others. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda." Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 318. In the Southern Philippines, particularly among the Magindanaon-Maranao and Tausug-Samal-Yakan peoples, "the kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the . New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article ", Patricia Matusky, "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music. 4. Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, 1984. [16], Philippine kulintang music has had a revival of sorts due to the work of Philippine-born, U.S.-educated musicians/ethnomusicologists Master Danongan "Danny" Kalanduyan and Usopay Cadar, as well as their predecessor Professor Jos Maceda. "Expedition into ETHS 545: Music of the Southern Philippines" Manila Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed. At a time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called Shanren. ", Usopay H. Cadar, "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. A kulintang may be composed of eight gongs disposed in a row over a . Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Blair, Emma, and James Robertson. Kulintang music is comprised of modes, with a prescribed rhythm for each of the five instruments in the ensemble, and compositions are passed down orally without any formal notation. Kulintang. The song "30 Years" was about the trials and tribulations of moving from the country to the big city to look for work. between 1900 and 1940, Group portrait of Ambonese with musical instrument of Kulintang in Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia. [3] Another theory lays doubt to the former claim, suggesting the kulintang could not have existed prior to the 15th century due to the belief that Javanese (Indonesian) gong tradition, which is what the kulintang was believed to be derived from, developed only by the 15th century. [33] Kulintang music also plays a significant role during state functions, used during official celebrations, entertaining of foreign dignitaries and important visitors of distant lands, court ceremonies of either the sultanate or village chieftains, enthroning/coronations of a new leader and the transferral of a sultanate from one family to another. [36] Sets of five bronze gong-chimes and a gong, which make up the totobuang ensembles of Buru island in Central Maluku, have also come into disuse. Cadar, Usopay H.. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. [5] The wax mold is covered with a special mixture of finely powdered coal/mud, which is applied on the wax surface using a brush. [40] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that showed elegance and decorum common among females. [17] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano. The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region varies between the various cultural groups. The Manobo's are a people indigenous to the Philippines. [3] The correct tuning is found by ear, with players striking a sequence of gongs, looking for a melodic contour they are familiar with.[20]. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. Frame, Edward M.. "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia." Si Tokan: Ang Manggagawa ng Kulintang sa Maguindanao Ilaya (Tokan, Kulintang Maker of Upriver Maguindanao): Directed by Jose Semblante Buenconsejo. 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