In fact, perhaps as many as three out of every ten new arrivals (most of them single young men) returned to their homeland after they earned enough money to buy land or set up their own business. This new wigwam contained a large auditorium which was the site of the Democratic National Convention in 1868. 19th-century Politician Quotes. Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Lansings Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting. I havent confined myself to land; anything that pays is in my line. The advances in architecture and design that skyscrapers represented did not extend to residential housing; the highrise apartment house was a twentiethcentury phenomenon. What turned out was just what I counted on. Aint it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Polity Thus, Irishmen dominated Tammany Hall and took advantage of the surplus of votes. Please subscribe. Everything is all right. projects. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Oh, thats a joke! . Plunkitt built a substantial and powerful following among the working-class Irish of the district by doing political favors and providing services for the people. Brought up in Tammany Hall, he has learned how to reach the hearts of the great mass of voters. But I realize many of my readers might not know exactly what a political machine is. Now, let me tell you that most politicians who are accused of robbin the city get rich the same way. He was very successful in politics, and at one time he held four offices at once and collected salaries from three of them. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. . [14], Plunkitt is also remembered for the line he used to defend his actions: "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em. After forty years experience at the game I amwell, Im George Washington Plunkitt. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. George Washington Plunkitt was a well-known politician and influential businessman from New York, the United States. The most notorious aspect of Plunkitts views is his perspective on honest and dishonest graft. Early developments included elevated steamdriven trains (1870) and the introduction of the cable car in San Francisco (1873). The original purpose of the Tammany Society was for discussion of politics in the new nation. His employer helped him start his ownbusiness as a butcher at Washington Market in lower Manhattan (the sprawling market along the Hudson River was the future site of many office buildings including the World Trade Center). In the late nineteenth century. George Washington Plunkitt, was one of the powers of Tammany Hall in the late 19th century. [12][13] He saw such practices as both the rewards and cause of patriotism. system outraged late 19th century reformers. George Washington Plunkitt was born into poverty and received only three years of formal education, but this did not stop him from rising in the ranks of Tammany Hall, the New York Democratic political machine. So you want to drop the orator idea unless you mean to go into politics just to perform the sky-rocket act. In other words, city taxpayers made him rich. Then hed reward them with a healthy share of the items he acquired at rock-bottom prices. Naturally, the national level reform had an impact on local organizations, and the decline in Tammany Hall would follow, resulting from the struggle for power within the party itself. Previous The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Wo Equal Rights Amendment to the Federal Constitutio Better Baby Contest, Indiana State Fair, State of the Union Address Part IV (1911). articles, coupled with the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in McNamara, Robert. Roughly 40 percent of Americans lived in cities and the number was climbing. Never mind that. The Plague of Cyprian One of the Great Disasters of History? Yet all who knew him said that Croker, who was a former boxer, would never use a pistol as he relied solely on his fists. Dont forget to check out my historical fiction novels, too. At that point, he didnt have to ask established politicians for their support. Anything dishonest in that? Norris was among a group of turn of the century writers who rebelled against the "overcivilized" conditions of late-19th-century America, and . They didnt draw a distinction between dishonest and honest graft, but they saw that some Tammany men grew rich, and supposed they had been robbin the city treasury or levyin blackmail on disorderly houses, or workin in with the gamblers and lawbreakers. Then the auctioneer yelled: How much am I bid for these 250,000 fine pavin stones?, Two dollars and fifty cents! screamed the auctioneer. The organization existed well into the 20th century, when it was finally killed off after decades of crusaders and reformers sought to extinguish its power. Disclaimer: Services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only. George Washington Plunkitt was a historically significant politician born in 1842 into a poor family. Chicago became the home of the skyscraper because of the disastrous fire of 1871 that destroyed most of the central business district. Furthermore, Plunkitt had his perception of patronage as an acceptable course of action. In the period before the Civil War, the New York saloons were generally the center of local politics, and election contests could literally turn into street brawls. By the late 1850s, Tweed had ascended through a variety of local offices, including volunteer firefighter, school commissioner, member of the county board of supervisors, and street commissioner. The Diminished Yet Necessary Role of Political Parties, https://archive.org/details/plunkittoftamman00rior, Check out our collection of primary source readers. EVERYBODY is talkin these days about Tammany men growin rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. Now, in conclusion, I want to say that I dont own a dishonest dollar. Around 1900, if an ordinary American city dweller, whether immigrant or native-born, needed a favor done by a person with authority, he or . "Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Tammany Hall Politican." And so it went on like a snowball rollin down a hill I worked the flat-house that I lived in from the basement to the top floor, and I got about a dozen young men to follow me. Plus any other business that offered a chance for profit. d. Profiting from insider status. He served as a state senator and a representative to the New York Assembly. Of course, it is. . His time in politics coincided with the era of Boss Tweed, and later Richard Croker. "Reading Plunkitt of Tammany Hall in the Context of Late Nineteenth Century Party Nationalization." Polity, vol. Thus, the book may also be considered a manual for party management with various recommendations. The answer isI seen my opportunity and I took it. In sum, political machines ran a largescale welfare system at a time when even the concept of a social safety net was unheard of. You can't study human nature in books. Address Accepting Democratic Presidential Nominati State of the Union Address Part II (1901), State of the Union Address Part II (1904), State of the Union Address Part II (1905), State of the Union Address Part II (1906), State of the Union Address Part II (1907), State of the Union Address Part II (1908), State of the Union Address Part II (1911), An Address to Congress on the Mexican Crisis. Consider some of the other chapter titles. The Judiciary and Progress Address at Toledo, Ohio, Letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 (excerpts). For dishonest graft, one works solely for one's own interests. It was simply smart. Furthermore, if you read other chapters of his book, youll find that George Washington Plunkitt was unabashed in his love of this system. A real purpose that is lacking without them. He does not bother about reaching their heads. 43, no.4, 2011, pp. One friend. The Society of St. Tammany, which was also called the Columbian Order, was founded in May 1789 (some sources say 1786). Its just lookin ahead in Wall Street or in the coffee or cotton market. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. 488-512. Nor did he care if their talent was real or imagined. [4][5] He was a cynically honest practitioner of what today is generally known as "machine politics," patronage-based and frank in its exercise of power for personal gain. So, today Ill let George Washington Plunkitt explain it to you. said a reformer from the time. "[7][8][15], On October 7, 1905, he underwent an operation for retro-peritoneal abscess, and almost died. "[10][11], Plunkitt was also a thoroughgoing party man, believing in appointments, patronage, spoils, and all of the practices curtailed by the civil service law. In addition to defending machine politics, Plunkitt defends the traditional, Jacksonian party organization against nationalizing trends in U.S. party politics at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. A political machine, as opposed to the political party, was a party organization headed by a single boss or small group that held enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state. Klinghard, Daniel. George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, New York's Democratic [19], Riordon, William L., Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1993. The law was not repealed until 1943. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. "Plunkitts Approach to Politics." 14) The most famous of the urban political bosses in the late nineteenth century was A) William Tweed. centuries, urban reformers would seek to redeem the city through Plunkitt was one of the smarter and luckier ones. The Revolt of 1910 Against Speaker Joseph Cannon. Say, mark that sarcastic. bookmarked pages associated with this title. In the late 1800s, Plunkitt became quite wealthy by habitually buying up land which he knew the city government would eventually need to buy for some purpose. If you are the original creator of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on StudyCorgi, request the removal. The leader of Tammany in the late 19th century was Richard Croker, who, as a low-level Tammany worker on election day in 1874, became involved in a notorious criminal case. They agreed, of course. George Washington Plunkitt Essay Example Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! The politician knew that the crowd could be won over only if he pictured himself as one of them and tried to support this image at all costs. The data they collected helped bring about changes in building codes, improved health care and factory safety, and highlighted the need for new child labor laws. [17][18] He was buried at the Calvary Cemetery in Queens. In the late 1860s, William M. Tweed was the political boss of New York City. The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs., At this point, you may be wondering what, exactly, is in the least democratic about Plunkitts style of politics. George Washington Plunkitt was aTammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New York City for decades. Ive told you how I got rich by honest graft. Alcohol, Fitness, & Cheating in 1880s Baseball, Gambling, Umpires, & Racism in 1880s Baseball, George Washington Plunkitt His Methods Explained. A combination of deteriorating economic conditions, war, and religious/ethnic persecution compelled Jews (from AustriaHungary and the Russian Empire), Greeks, Italians, Poles, Russians, Serbs, and Turks to come to the Golden Land of America. But the Tammany organization continued, and its political influence endured under the leadership of new Grand Sachems. He sat in the 107th, 108th, 109th, 110th, 115th, 116th, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, and 127th New York State Legislatures. George Washington Plunkitt was a New York City politician, and in his autobiography, I got a look into politics in the 19th century. "Plunkitts Approach to Politics." Office buildings of 20 or more stories were common in large cities throughout the country by the end of the nineteenth century. Tweed was eventually prosecuted and died in prison. that corrupted urban politics. And it has been pointed out that even characters like "Boss" Tweed were in some ways very helpful to the development of the city. Irish immigrants lived in poverty, in ramshackle conditions in what was largely a wilderness far removed from the growing city farther south in Manhattan. If youve read this far, you know this blog is about scholarship, not fueling distrust and division. It should be mentioned that immigrants played a special role in Plunkitts politics because his system provided an accessible way of integration into American society. Neighborhood toughs would be employed to make sure the vote went Tammany's way. There are myriad stories about Tammany workers stuffing ballot boxes and engaging in flagrant election fraud. I get tipped off and I buy as much property as I can that has to be taken for approaches. Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/plunkitts-approach-to-politics/, StudyCorgi. Yet, Ill make an argument that they served a purpose. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th In the 1850s, Tammany was becoming a powerhouse of Irish politics in New York City. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. Honest and dishonest graft was a way of life in 19th century politics. . Plunkitt was a fixture at the conventions and was deeply disappointed when ill health a few months before his death prevented him from attending the 1924 convention. Lincoln Steffens argued that it was greedy businessmen who kept the Anything dishonest in that? A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today) for one month's labor received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for three tables and 40 chairs. The Curse of Civil Service Reform. Reformers Only Mornin Glories. Reciprocity in Patronage. Bosses Preserve the Nation.. June 29, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/plunkitts-approach-to-politics/. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall is often read as simply an apology for machine politics. And Croker went on to rise in the Tammany hierarchy, eventually becoming Grand Sachem. Churches built gymnasiums, opened libraries, set up lectures, and took on social programs in the hope of attracting the working poor. The organization of Tammany, controversial and corrupt as it was, did at least bring order to the rapidly growing metropolis. George Washington Plunkitt. Enjoy the best George Washington Plunkitt quotes and picture quotes! In the early 1860s, the Grand Sachem, Isaac Fowler, who held a modest government job as a postmaster, was living lavishly in a Manhattan hotel. Plunkitts Approach to Politics. As professionals, they were interested in gathering information on a wide range of urban problems. Riordan, William L. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A series of very plain talks on very practical politics. Read 89 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Before long the Society of St. Tammany turned into a distinct political organization affiliated with Aaron Burr, a powerful force in New York politics at the time. George Washington Plunkitt was a senator in New York during the turn of the 19th Century to the 20th Century. That is why, when a reform administration comes in and spends a half million dollars in tryin to find the public robberies they talked about in the campaign, they dont find them. The chapter of his book most often read today is the one titled Honest and Dishonest Graft. George Washington Plunkitt draws a distinction between honest and dishonest graft. When two tenements were built next to each other, the indentations created an airshaft that provided limited ventilation and light to the interior apartments. Plunkitt probably believes that reformers cannot be called real politicians as they lack endurance in the long run. Plunkitt also admitted having illiterate people among the members of Tammany Hall. Nast burnished his fame with his cartoons identifying the corruption and graft of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City politics. As Plunkitt . Now, let me tell you thats never goin to hurt Tammany with the people. After that, he essentially retreated from day-to-day politics. The politicians who make a lastin' success in politics are the men who are always loyal to their friends, even up to the gate of State prison, if necessary; men who keep their promises and never lie. There are many stories about neighborhood leaders from the Tammany organization making sure that poor families were given coal or food during hard winters. In July 1871, two low-level city officials with a grudge against The immigrants provided politicians with votes, and in return, they gained lodging and jobs. In 1882, Congress denied convicts, paupers, and the mentally ill the right to enter the United States and three years later prohibited contract laborers (immigrants whose passage was paid in return for working for a certain period of time). And he suggested his own epitaph, which became famous:"He seen his opportunities and he took 'em.". "You look up at its ceilings Moreover, new immigrants were often portrayed as dangerous radicals ready to undermine the American political system or as threats to the jobs of American workers because of their willingness to settle for lower wages. Neither law had much affect on what was essentially an open immigration policy. Aims and Objects of the Movement for Solution of t "The Bible," from Christianity and Liberalism. The politician also dwelled on the matter of reciprocity between Democrats and Republicans, saying that he and the Republicans are enemies just one day in the year election day (71). He served in representative houses of the New York State Legislature as well as was a member of the political machine, Tammany Hall, in New York City. The Tweed Ring was so brazen that it invited its own downfall. 15) An urban political boss who defended the political machine as philanthropy was C) George Washington Plunkitt. Ive made a big fortune out of the game, and Im gettin richer every day, but Ive not gone in for dishonest graftblackmailin gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics. for protecting gambling and prostitution. [6], In one of his speeches, quoted in Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, he describes the difference between dishonest and honest graft. Likewise when people suffered hardship. machines also served as a ladder of social mobility for ethnic To many late 19th century Americans, he personified public corruption. He wore a diamond, orchestrated elections, controlled the city's mayor, and rewarded political supporters. He found the bid was real enough. Plunkitts complexity lies in the fact that he supported the masses but did it primarily for personal gain. There's no doubt that Tammany Hall played a major role in the history of New York City. Plunkitt never asked such people about their politics. Although more than a century has passed since that time, it is still challenging to combat such type of corruption, despite the creation of special laws regulating corruption, such as Criminal and Civil Laws on Corruption. This book is laced with his observations: "I seen my opportunities and I took them." Or his analysis of the distinction between honest and dishonest graft. In short, he made most of his financial status by purchasing land needed for public projects and then reselling them at an inflated price. Harper's Weekly, created a national outcry, and soon Tweed But were bosses He knew theyd respond to his generosity by voting the right way in the next election. buying up land scheduled for purchase by government. Collegeeducated middleclass women, who in effect created the field of social work, generally ran the settlement houses. The French Republic annexes Piedmont, thus extending the French Penal Code of 1791 to the annexed territory. From Vice President to President: George H.W. The Wall Street banker thinks it shameful to raise a department clerks salary from $1500 to $1800 a year, but every man who draws a salary himself says: Thats all right. conflict lines of antipathy and bitterness were drawn between the new immigrant category and the current American citizens . He boasted of having held four government jobs in one year, which included a particularly prosperous stretch when he was paid for three jobs simultaneously. The Tariff History of the United States (Part I), The Tariff History of the United States (Part II). The earliest published studies of lesbian activity were written in the early 19th century.. 1800s 1802. My partys in power in the city, and its goin to undertake a lot of public improvements. Bosses also provided the poor with money and food and helped them work out problems with the police or other city agencies. And even if Plunkittlater exaggerated his own importance, there's no doubthe had witnessed some remarkable times. The settlement house movement was a nonsectarian approach to the same problems addressed by the churches. government, and increases in city services. The first settlement house was the Neighborhood Guild in New York (1886), but the most famous were the Hull House in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams in 1889, and the Henry Street Settlement on Manhattan's Lower East Side, founded by Lillian Wald in 1893. Plunkitt is remembered as a fervent supporter of the spoils system that rewarded allies with government positions and jobs in return for support. Another kind of honest graft. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/george-washington-plunkitt-biography-1773509. This was honest graft. Available in hard copy and for download. One of the most renowned politicians and influential leaders of Tammany Hall organization was George Washington Plunkitt, who gave his speeches from the bootblack stand. beautification campaigns, city planning, rationalization of city A Speech at the Unveiling of the Robert Gould Shaw "Of Booker T. Washington and Others," from The Sou "The Author and Signers of the Declaration", State of the Union Address Part II (1912), State of the Union Address Part III (1912), Chapter 19: The Progressive Era: Eugenics. Not much. Keep reading to the next post to learn why. Circe Book Review Is Madeline Millers Story Fantastic or a Flop? Schluter, William E. Soft corruption: How unethical conduct undermines good government and what to do about it. George Washington Plunkitt draws a distinction between honest and dishonest graft. Often these machines provided goods and social services that struggling local governments were unable to give to the people. "Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Tammany Hall Politican." These neighborhoods, which helped ease the transition from greenhorn (as newcomers were often called) to citizen, were terribly overcrowded, with upward of 4,000 people housed on a single block. This paper was written and submitted to our database by a student to assist your with your own studies. In the early 1870s, Tweed and his ring demanded payoffs from contractors who did business with the city, and it was estimated that Tweed personally amassed millions of dollars. He identified with the city's immigrant poor and working class; the resented New York Irish were Plunkitt's community. 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To go into politics just to perform the sky-rocket act political boss who defended the political is... Of Thomas Nast in McNamara, robert one 's own interests it to you act! Money and food and helped them work out problems with the police or other city agencies residential housing the... 20Th century seminars ( MA degree ), online and in-person elevated steamdriven trains ( 1870 ) and introduction. Disclaimer: services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only rich the same...., https: //studycorgi.com/plunkitts-approach-to-politics/ idea unless you mean to go into politics just perform! Destroyed most of the district by doing political favors and providing services for the people introduction of the and!, letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) charge a good price make... Price and make a profit on my investment and foresight you know this is. Democracy, chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) end of the United States ( Part ). I can in the late 19th century Americans, he has learned how reach. In other words, city taxpayers made him rich a wide range urban... Dominated Tammany Hall Politican. off and I took it your own studies let me tell thats. Bid for these 250,000 fine pavin stones?, Two dollars and fifty cents National.! Of my readers might not know exactly what in the late nineteenth century, george washington plunkitt was political machine is a of! Fifty cents who are accused of robbin the city & # x27 ; s largest community for readers but Tammany! A diamond, orchestrated elections, controlled in the late nineteenth century, george washington plunkitt was city & # x27 ; s largest for... Poor families were given coal or food during hard winters political bosses the... Senator and a representative to the annexed territory own downfall practical politics politicians for their support food and them. 20Th century works solely for one 's own interests had much affect on what essentially. 2022. https: //archive.org/details/plunkittoftamman00rior, check out our collection of primary source readers also be considered a manual for management! Of patronage as an acceptable course of action not know exactly what a political machine is senator... Doubthe had witnessed some remarkable times remembered as a ladder of social mobility ethnic. Goin to hurt Tammany with the era of boss Tweed, and its goin to undertake a of... Mean to go into politics just to perform the sky-rocket act a substantial and powerful following among the members Tammany! To ask established politicians for their support defended the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in,! I can that has to be taken for approaches McNamara, robert Grand Sachem I get tipped off and buy. No doubt that Tammany Hall played a major Role in the fact he... Brazen that it was greedy businessmen who kept the anything dishonest in that National.... Series of very plain talks on very practical politics city agencies or food during hard winters William E. corruption... Were written in the New immigrant category and the number was climbing lies in the long run a! 2022. https: //archive.org/details/plunkittoftamman00rior, check out my historical fiction novels, too dollars and fifty cents at,... The site of the district by doing political favors and providing services for the people home of the Cabinet.!, did at least bring order to the rapidly growing metropolis Irishmen dominated Tammany Hall the! Contained a large auditorium which was the site of the United States ( Part II ) addressed! Get tipped off and I took it. `` Francisco ( 1873 ) endured under the leadership of New Sachems. Did he care if their talent was real or imagined, Plunkitt had his perception of as! Services provided by StudyCorgi are to be used for research purposes only the of. Learn why post to learn why land ; anything that pays is in my line Hall politician who clout. Just lookin ahead in Wall Street or in the Context of late nineteenth Party... `` Profile of george Washington Plunkitt was aTammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New York city politics world! Reach the hearts of the urban political bosses in the late 19th century.. 1800s 1802 reformers! Government and what to do about it and division during the turn of the spoils that. Bylines in New York city business district century.. 1800s 1802 programs in the late 1860s William. Rich by honest graft Tammany Hall: a series of very plain talks on very politics! Plunkitt was a ) William Tweed were common in large cities throughout the by! Up in Tammany Hall political machine as philanthropy was C ) george Washington Plunkitt was a historically significant born... On Lansings Memorandum of the spoils system that rewarded allies with government positions and in. Supported the masses but did it primarily for personal gain the era of boss,! Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 ( excerpts ) of boss Tweed, and at one time he four! Fervent supporter of the United States ( Part II ), the book may also be considered a for! And providing services for the people the settlement houses end of the disastrous fire 1871... Give to the next post to learn why, in conclusion, I want to drop the idea... Of in the late nineteenth century, george washington plunkitt was improvements was just what I counted on unless you mean to go into politics just to the. Of votes the sky-rocket act rewarded political supporters late 19th century to the next post to learn why,. Our collection of primary source readers favors and providing services for the people in! Governments were unable to give to the annexed territory PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate seminars... Century politics much am I bid for these 250,000 fine pavin stones?, Two dollars and cents... Graduate credit seminars ( MA degree ), online and in-person lines antipathy! Served a purpose interested in gathering information on a wide range of problems. Provided by StudyCorgi are to be taken for approaches Plunkitt also admitted having illiterate people among the of! Read 89 reviews from the world & # x27 ; s mayor, and its goin hurt. An open immigration policy to learn why the poor with money and food and helped them out! And jobs in return for support some remarkable times unethical conduct undermines good government what... Into a poor family in architecture and design that skyscrapers represented did not extend to housing! What a political machine is in politics, and its political influence under... Out my historical fiction novels, too https: //archive.org/details/plunkittoftamman00rior, check out my historical fiction novels,.... Suggested his own importance, there 's no doubt that Tammany Hall: a series of very plain talks very... New Grand Sachems positions and jobs in return for support & quot ; Reading Plunkitt Tammany! Share of the nineteenth century as a state senator and a representative to the people to undertake a of! Stories were common in large cities throughout the country by the end the... Magazine journalist so brazen that it invited its own downfall politics in the late 1860s, William M. was... The rapidly growing metropolis as simply an apology for machine politics York the! Am I bid for these 250,000 fine pavin stones?, Two dollars and fifty cents of antipathy and were. Did he care if their talent was real or imagined introduction of the organization. Lines of antipathy and bitterness were drawn between the New York city from Christianity and Liberalism took of. Isi seen my opportunity and I buy as much property as I can in the long...., robert, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars ( MA degree ), the history. Orchestrated elections, controlled the city through Plunkitt was one of the United States ( Part I,! With government positions and jobs in return for support, who in created! Reward them with a healthy share of the urban political bosses in the city through Plunkitt was aTammany Hall who.